Q2 R1: | Law

Research Requirement:

Post2response1.docx Post 2 Response 1 100-word response/ 1 reference/intext citation Due 1/31/2025 Epps Enhancing the reliability and accuracy of witness observations is essential for investigators since eyewitness testimony can greatly influence legal outcomes. There are various methodologies and best practices that can be employed to improve the accuracy of witness reports and address psychological factors affecting perception and memory. Key psychological factors include stress, time delays, and cognitive biases, which can distort a witness's recall of events. One effective methodology for improving eyewitness testimony is the Cognitive Interview (CI) technique, developed by Geiselman et al. (1985). This method encourages witnesses to mentally reconstruct the context of the event, allowing them to recall more details without leading questions. Key features of the CI include context reinstatement, free recall, recall from different perspectives, and changing the order of recall. Research shows that CI enhances the accuracy and completeness of eyewitness recall (Memon, Meissner, & Fraser, 2010). Additionally, minimizing suggestive questioning is crucial, as leading questions can implant false information into a witness's memory (Loftus & Pickrell, 1995). Furthermore, best practices for presenting lineups and photo arrays, such as using a blind administrator and ensuring lineups resemble the suspect's description, can reduce mistaken identification (Wells et al., 2015). Psychological factors like stress and arousal can impair a witness's perception and memory, as suggested by the Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908), which indicates that excessive stress narrows attention. Time delays also contribute to memory degradation, with Loftus and Palmer (1974) noting that prolonged intervals can lead to distorted memories. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, can further skew recollections. To mitigate these challenges, investigators should create a supportive interview environment, avoid providing feedback during identification processes, and shield witnesses from post-event information (Wells et al., 2015; Loftus & Palmer, 1974). By implementing these evidence-based strategies, investigators can secure more accurate eyewitness testimony, enhancing the fairness of legal proceedings.